Introduction to Cyber Security

Cybersecurity is all about protecting our digital lives. It’s about keeping our devices, like our phones and computers, safe from being hacked or attacked. It’s also about making sure that our personal and sensitive information, like our bank account details and passwords, stays private. Cybersecurity is important because if our devices or our personal information gets hacked, it can cause a lot of problems. For example, our money could be stolen or our identities could be used to do things that we didn’t authorise. That’s why it’s important to take steps to protect ourselves online, like using strong passwords and being careful about what we click on.

Importance of Cyber Security

The importance of cybersecurity cannot be overstated. With the increasing reliance on technology and the internet in our daily lives, our personal and sensitive information is more vulnerable than ever to being hacked or stolen. This can have serious consequences, such as financial loss, identity theft, and damage to our reputation. In addition, cybersecurity is important for the smooth operation of businesses, organisations, and government agencies. A cyber attack on a company’s system can result in the loss of important data, financial damage, and damage to the company’s reputation. Cybersecurity is therefore essential for the protection of individuals, businesses, and society as a whole.

In addition to the consequences for individuals and businesses, cyber attacks can also have wider societal impacts. For example, a cyber attack on a hospital’s computer system could compromise patient records and disrupt vital medical services. A cyber attack on a power grid could cause widespread blackouts. Cyber attacks on critical infrastructures, such as transportation systems or water treatment plants, could have serious consequences for public safety.

Furthermore, with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the increasing interconnectivity of devices, the potential for cyber attacks to cause widespread harm has grown. It’s not just our computers and phones that are at risk – our homes, vehicles, and even public infrastructure such as traffic lights and traffic systems are all vulnerable to cyber-attacks.

Given the increasing reliance on technology in our daily lives and the potential consequences of a cyber attack, it is more important than ever to prioritise cybersecurity. This includes not only protecting our own personal devices and accounts but also supporting policies and measures that help to enhance cybersecurity at the societal level.

Cyber Security Interview Question And Answer

Below we have listed down a bunch of cyber security interview questions and their answers which can be useful for you for your next interview preparations. We have divided them into 3 categories so that it gets easier for you to prepare:

15 Basic Cyber Security Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is a firewall, and how does it work?

A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It is typically used to protect a network from unauthorised access and can be implemented as hardware, software, or a combination of both.

2. What is a denial of service (DoS) attack, and how can it be prevented?

A DoS attack is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users. This is typically accomplished by flooding the target with traffic or by exploiting a vulnerability in the system. DoS attacks can be prevented by implementing security measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and load balancers, and by ensuring that all systems are kept up to date with the latest security patches.

3. What is a virus, and how does it differ from a worm?

A virus is a piece of code that is capable of replicating itself and can potentially cause harm to a computer or network. A worm is a type of malware that is self-replicating and can spread from one computer to another without the need for a host file. A key difference between a virus and a worm is that a virus requires the user to execute a file in order for it to replicate, whereas a worm can replicate and spread on its own.

4. What is two-factor authentication (2FA), and how does it enhance security?

Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security process in which a user is required to provide two different authentication factors in order to access a system. The first factor is typically something the user knows, such as a password, and the second factor is something the user has, such as a security token or a mobile phone. By requiring two factors, 2FA adds an extra layer of security and makes it more difficult for an attacker to gain unauthorised access to a system.

5. What is a security breach, and what should be done in the event of a breach?

A security breach is an incident in which an unauthorised person gains access to a system, network, or application. In the event of a breach, it is important to take immediate action to minimise the damage and prevent further unauthorised access. This may include disconnecting affected systems from the network, changing passwords, and conducting a thorough investigation to determine the cause of the breach and how to prevent it from happening again in the future.

6. What is phishing, and how can it be prevented?

Phishing is a type of cyber attack in which an attacker attempts to trick a user into divulging sensitive information such as login credentials or financial data by posing as a legitimate entity in an email, text message, or online form. To prevent phishing attacks, it is important to be cautious when providing personal information online and to verify the authenticity of any requests for information. Using security software such as anti-virus and anti-phishing tools can also help to protect against phishing attacks.

7. What is a Trojan, and how does it differ from other types of malware?

A Trojan is a type of malware that is disguised as legitimate software and is used to gain access to a computer or network without the user’s knowledge. Trojans differ from other types of malware in that they do not replicate or self-propagate like viruses and worms. Instead, they rely on the user to download and execute them in order to gain access to the system.

8. What is a botnet, and how is it used in cyber attacks?

A botnet is a network of compromised computers that are controlled by an attacker and can be used to launch cyber attacks such as denial of service (DoS) attacks, spam emails, and phishing campaigns. Botnets can be created by infecting computers with malware that allows the attacker to control them remotely. Once a botnet is established, the attacker can use it to carry out a variety of malicious activities, often without the knowledge of the individuals who own the compromised devices.

9. What is a zero-day vulnerability, and how is it exploited?

A zero-day vulnerability is a security flaw that is unknown to the vendor or developer of a software program or system. It can be exploited by an attacker to gain unauthorised access to a system or to compromise the security of a network. Zero-day vulnerabilities are particularly dangerous because they are not yet known to the vendor and therefore cannot be patched or mitigated.

10. What is malware, and what are some common types of malware?

Malware is a term used to describe software that is designed to cause harm to a computer, network, or server. Some common types of malware include viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, and spyware.

11. What is a security patch, and why is it important?

A security patch is a piece of software that is designed to fix vulnerabilities or weaknesses in a computer system or application. It is important to apply security patches promptly in order to protect against potential attacks that may exploit those vulnerabilities.

12. What is a honeypot, and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A honeypot is a computer system that is set up to attract and trap malicious actors, such as hackers or spammers. It is used in cybersecurity as a way to gather intelligence on threats and to distract and mislead attackers away from more valuable systems.

13. What is a vulnerability assessment, and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A vulnerability assessment is a process in which a system or network is evaluated to identify potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by an attacker. The goal of a vulnerability assessment is to identify and prioritise vulnerabilities so that they can be mitigated or remediated. Vulnerability assessments are an important part of a cybersecurity strategy as they help organisations identify and address potential weaknesses in their systems before they can be exploited.

14. What is a penetration test, and how is it different from a vulnerability assessment?

A penetration test, also known as a “pen test,” is a simulated cyber attack on a computer system, network, or web application. It is used to evaluate the security of the system and to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited by an attacker. A penetration test is different from a vulnerability assessment in that it is a more in-depth evaluation of the system’s security, and it typically involves actively attempting to exploit vulnerabilities in order to assess their impact on the system.

15. What is a security information and event management (SIEM) system, and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A security information and event management (SIEM) system is a security tool that combines and analyses data from various sources, such as network devices, servers, and applications, in order to identify security threats and anomalies. SIEM systems are used in cybersecurity to provide real-time visibility into the security posture of an organisation and to help identify and respond to potential threats.

15 Intermediate Cyber Security Interview Questions And Answers

1. What is a virtual private network (VPN), and how does it enhance security?

A virtual private network (VPN) is a network technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection between a device and a server, allowing the device to access resources on a private network as if it were directly connected to the network. VPNs enhance security by encrypting network traffic and protecting against unauthorized access and data leaks.

2. What is a sandbox, and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A sandbox is a test environment that is used to run and analyze suspicious code or files in a secure and isolated environment. Sandboxes are used in cybersecurity to prevent malicious code from executing on a production system and to analyze the behaviour of the code in order to understand its purpose and potential impact.

3. What is a security protocol, and what are some common examples?

A security protocol is a set of rules and standards that are used to establish and maintain secure communication between two or more parties. Some common examples of security protocols include Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Secure Shell (SSH).

4. What is a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack, and how can it be prevented?

A man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack is a type of cyber attack in which an attacker intercepts communication between two parties in order to gain access to sensitive information or to alter the communication in some way. MitM attacks can be prevented by using encryption, SSL certificates, and other security measures to protect the integrity of the communication.

5. What is a rootkit, and how does it differ from other types of malware?

A rootkit is a type of malware that is designed to gain access to a system at the root level and to evade detection by hiding itself within the operating system. Rootkits differ from other types of malware in that they are designed to operate at a very low level and to remain hidden, making them difficult to detect and remove.

6. What is a ransomware attack, and how can it be prevented?

A ransomware attack is a type of cyber attack in which an attacker encrypts a victim’s data and demands a ransom from the victim to restore access to the data. Ransomware attacks can be prevented by maintaining regular backups of data, keeping systems and software up to date with the latest security patches, and using security software such as anti-virus and anti-ransomware tools.

7. What is a spearphishing attack, and how can it be prevented?

Spearphishing is a targeted form of phishing attack that is designed to trick a specific individual or organization into divulging sensitive information or into installing malware. Spearphishing attacks can be prevented by educating users about the risks of phishing attacks, by using email filtering and anti-phishing tools, and by verifying the authenticity of any requests for information before providing it.

8. What is a logic bomb, and how does it differ from other types of malware?

A logic bomb is a type of malware that is designed to execute a malicious action when a specific trigger condition is met. This could be a specific date, a change in system behaviour, or the execution of a certain command. Logic bombs differ from other types of malware in that they are not designed to replicate or self-propagate, but rather to execute a specific action when the trigger condition is met.

9. What is a session hijacking attack, and how can it be prevented?

A session hijacking attack is a type of cyber attack in which an attacker intercepts and takes over an active communication session between two parties. This can be done by stealing the session tokens or by exploiting vulnerabilities in the session management process. Session hijacking attacks can be prevented by using strong and unique passwords, implementing two-factor authentication, and regularly updating and patching systems and software.

10. What is a buffer overflow attack, and how can it be prevented?

A buffer overflow attack is a type of cyber attack in which an attacker sends more data to a system than the system is able to handle, causing the system to crash or execute unintended code. Buffer overflow attacks can be prevented by implementing proper input validation and by ensuring that systems and software are kept up to date with the latest security patches.

11. What is a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack, and how can it be prevented?

A cross-site scripting (XSS) attack is a type of cyber attack that involves injecting malicious code into a website in order to execute it in the browser of a user who visits the website. XSS attacks can be prevented by implementing proper input validation and by sanitizing user-supplied input to remove any potentially harmful code.

12. What is a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, and how can it be mitigated?

A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a type of cyber attack in which an attacker attempts to make a website or network resource unavailable to its intended users by flooding it with traffic from multiple sources. DDoS attacks can be mitigated by implementing security measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and load balancers, and by using DDoS protection services.

13. What is a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attack, and how can it be prevented?

A cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attack is a type of cyber attack that involves tricking a user into executing an unwanted action on a website by sending a malicious link or form to the user. CSRF attacks can be prevented by implementing measures such as unique request tokens and by requiring users to authenticate themselves before performing sensitive actions.

14. What is a SQL injection attack, and how can it be prevented?

A SQL injection attack is a type of cyber attack that involves injecting malicious code into a database query in order to execute it and potentially gain access to sensitive data. SQL injection attacks can be prevented by implementing proper input validation and by using prepared statements and parameterized queries.

15. What is an application programming interface (API) and how can it be secured?

An application programming interface (API) is a set of rules and protocols that define how two systems or components can interact with each other. APIs can be secured by implementing measures such as authentication and authorization, input validation, and rate limiting. It is also important to keep APIs up to date with the latest security patches and to regularly review and test the security of the API.

15 Advanced Cyber Security Interview Questions And Answers

1. What is a side-channel attack, and how can it be prevented?

A side-channel attack is a type of cyber attack that involves analyzing the physical aspects of a system, such as power consumption or electromagnetic emissions, in order to extract sensitive information or to compromise the security of the system. Side-channel attacks can be difficult to prevent, as they do not involve directly attacking the system itself. However, measures such as implementing physical security controls and regularly reviewing and testing the system for vulnerabilities can help to mitigate the risk of side-channel attacks.

2. What is zero-knowledge proof, and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A zero-knowledge proof is a method of verifying the authenticity of information without actually revealing the information itself. It is used in cybersecurity to enable secure authentication and to protect the privacy of users.

3. What is a quantum computer, and how does it differ from a classical computer?

A quantum computer is a type of computer that is based on quantum mechanics and is capable of performing certain types of calculations much faster than classical computers. Quantum computers differ from classical computers in that they use quantum bits (qubits) to store and process information, whereas classical computers use bits.

4. What is homomorphic encryption, and how is it used in cybersecurity?

Homomorphic encryption is a type of encryption that allows computations to be performed directly on encrypted data, without the need to decrypt the data first. It is used in cybersecurity to enable secure computation and to protect the privacy of sensitive data.

5. What is a hardware security module (HSM), and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A hardware security module (HSM) is a physical device that is used to secure sensitive data and cryptographic keys. HSMs are typically used in cybersecurity to protect against the theft or compromise of sensitive data, such as credit card numbers or cryptographic keys.

6. What is a keyless signature infrastructure (KSI), and how does it enhance security?

A keyless signature infrastructure (KSI) is a system that allows for the creation and verification of digital signatures without the need for a central authority or a trusted third party. KSI enhances security by allowing for the verification of digital signatures without the need to store or transmit private keys, which reduces the risk of key compromise.

7. What is a trusted platform module (TPM), and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A trusted platform module (TPM) is a hardware component that is used to secure sensitive data and verify the integrity of a system. TPMs are commonly used in cybersecurity to protect against malicious software and to verify the authenticity of a system before allowing it to access sensitive data or networks.

8. What is the hardware root of trust, and how does it enhance security?

A hardware root of trust is a hardware component or system that is designed to be secure and tamper-resistant, and that is used to establish trust in a larger system. Hardware roots of trust are often used in cybersecurity to provide a secure foundation for secure boot and other security measures.

9. What is a trusted execution environment (TEE), and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A trusted execution environment (TEE) is a secure area of a device’s hardware or software that is isolated from the rest of the system and is used to execute sensitive code or to store sensitive data. TEEs are commonly used in cybersecurity to protect against malware and to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive data.

10. What is a quantum key distribution (QKD) system, and how does it enhance security?

A quantum key distribution (QKD) system is a system that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to securely distribute cryptographic keys over a communications channel. QKD systems enhance security by providing a secure method for key distribution that is resistant to attacks such as eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks.

11. What is white box encryption, and how does it differ from other types of encryption?

White box encryption is a type of encryption in which the encryption algorithm and the key used for encryption are both visible to an attacker. It differs from other types of encryption in that the security of the encryption relies on the security of the algorithm and the key, rather than on the secrecy of the key.

12. What is post-quantum cryptography, and why is it important?

Post-quantum cryptography is a field of cryptography that is concerned with developing cryptographic methods that are resistant to attacks by quantum computers. It is important because quantum computers are expected to be able to break many of the cryptographic algorithms that are currently in use, and so new cryptographic methods will be needed to protect against these attacks.

13. What is differential privacy, and how is it used in cybersecurity?

Differential privacy is a concept in cybersecurity that involves adding noise to data in order to protect the privacy of individual data points while still allowing for the analysis of the data as a whole. Differential privacy is often used in scenarios where data is being collected from multiple sources and it is important to protect the privacy of individual users while still allowing for the analysis of the data. It is a way to balance the need for privacy with the need for data analysis in order to make informed decisions.

14. What is multi-party computation (MPC), and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A multi-party computation (MPC) is a cryptographic technique that allows multiple parties to jointly compute a function over their inputs without revealing their inputs to each other. MPC is used in cybersecurity to enable secure computation in scenarios where the inputs are sensitive and it is not practical or desirable to reveal them to other parties.

15. What is a trusted platform attestation (TPA), and how is it used in cybersecurity?

A trusted platform attestation (TPA) is a process in which the security of a platform is verified by an independent third party. TPAs are used in cybersecurity to provide a way to verify the security of a system before it is allowed to access sensitive data or networks.